Challenges and Innovations Across Quantum Dots Supply Chain
Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals with a size of 1-10 nm and quantum confinement properties. Quantum dots have a typical core-shell structure with the molecular formula MX, where M stands for Cadmium, and X can be Tellurium, Selenium, etc. Quantum dots exhibit quantum effects and emit light of different wavelengths. They have good electric and optoelectronic properties. By controlling the size of quantum dots, their properties can be altered, which gives a wide variety of applications.
The global quantum dots market is expected to increase by 8% CAGR by 2032. China is the dominant market, contributing more to research and innovation in the domain. The USA, which has most startups focusing on QDs, is the second largest market. The major key driver for the growing QDs market is its wide application, especially in displays, electronics, and semiconductors.
Figure: Quantum Dots Market
Quantum dots have three major synthesis processes that are:
Colloidal Synthesis—This method generally synthesizes CdS and CdSe types of quantum dots. It involves dissolving precursors (metal ions or organometallic compounds) in a solvent and subjecting them to various chemical or physical treatments to create the desired QDs.
Hydrothermal Synthesis– Organic Quantum dots such as Carbon QDs and Nitrogen CQD can be obtained using this method. This method involves heating sealed precursor solutions (metal ions and ligands) under high pressure. With the increase in temperature and pressure, the solution becomes supersaturated & nucleation of the QDs occurs.
Biomimetic Synthesis—This method involves QD synthesis using biological materials. Enzymes, proteins, or microorganisms can be used as catalysts to avoid harsh chemical and high-temperature requirements. Biomolecules such as proteins, enzymes, and DNA can be used to stabilize the QDs and control their size, shape, and surface properties.
Government Support
The government plays a major role in new initiatives and policies supporting the QD market. In the USA, The National Quantum Initiative Act accelerates quantum research and development for the country’s economic and national security. The properties of quantum dots and associated benefits, such as stability over wide climate conditions, make them a desirable candidate for various end applications.
Wide Application Areas
QDs have a wide variety of applications. Major application areas include Displays and LEDs. They are also used as catalysts in chemical reactions that enhance the response for better yield. Photodetectors, Photovoltaics, and Biomedical, are some other areas where quantum dots have a significant role to play.
Toxicity of Materials
Cadmium QDs are toxic in nature. Although they are efficient, their toxicity can be hazardous to human health, making their use in biomedical applications undesirable. Replacing these toxic materials with nontoxic organic materials becomes necessary to overcome this challenge.
Lack of Raw Materials Availability
Raw materials used for the synthesis of Quantum dots, such as Cadmium, Sulphur, and Selenium, are not easily available. To overcome this challenge, researchers are focusing on Organic QDs made from Carbon, which is abundantly available in nature.
Figure: Key Startups
- In 2022, the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of New South Wales collaborated on a project to control silicon quantum dots qubits. This will improve fabrication to a higher level and have wider applications.
- In April 2024, New Mexico-based Ubiquitous Quantum Dots signed an agreement with First Solar Inc, a Solar panel manufacturer. This agreement will help the companies investigate the incorporation of quantum dots directly in solar panels.
- Highlights on Quantum Dots
- Market Overview
- Challenges & Innovations: Across the Value Chain
- Key Start-ups and Collaborations
- Stellarix Assistance
